Inhaltsangabe1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Introduction: Growth Conditions, Matter Geometry and Packing, Collagen, Mechanical and Electrochemical Behavior of Porous Matter and Tissues Cartilage Matrix and Types Cartilage Growth and Development: Fetal Development, Mineralization, Growth and Repair, Diseases Regulation of Cartilage Activity and Streaming Potentials in Cartilage Bones as Organs and Tissues: Functions and Types of Bones Structure of Bone: Compact and Trabecular Tissues, Osteons and Cells, Inorganic and Organic Matrix Parts Marrow, Endosteum and Periosteum, Nerves, Blood Vessels and Cartilage Remodeling and its Purposes Bone as a Composite and its Mechanics Bone as a Capillary Porous System Diseases of Bone Bioengineering: Growing Artificial Cartilage and Bone 2 CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF TRABECULAR BONE: CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHES Introduction Continuum Mechanics Experimental Testing and Material Properties Structure and Idealization Modelling of Mechanical Behavior 3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTS Introduction Bone Remodeling and Interface Models Bone Remodeling Based on Optimality Conditions Interface Behavior and Adaptation Formulation for Simultaneous Bone Remodeling and Interface Adaptation Finite Element Models and Algorithm Numerical Results Discussion and Concluding Remarks 4 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL: NATURAL BONE AND BIOMIMETICS Introduction Phases and Volume Fractions Individual Phase Mechanical Properties Introduction to Composite Mechanics Bone as a Composite: Macro-scale Bone as a Composite: Micro-scale Anisotropy Implications Conclusions 5 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGN Introduction Biological and Mechanobiological Factors in Bone Remodelling and Bone Fracture Healing Phenomenological Models of Bone Remodeling Mechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling Examples of Application of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant Design Models of Tissue Differentiation. Application to Bone Fracture Healing Mechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing Modelling the Influence of Some Mechanical Factors in the Course of Bone Fracture Healing Concluding Remarks References 6 BIOMECHANICAL TESTS FOR ORTHOPAEDIC IMPLANTS; TRIBOLOGICAL ISSUES & SIMULATION CONDITIONS Tribological Testing for Orthopaedic Implants: Kinematic and Lubricating Condition, Oxygen Concentration Experimental Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants Finite Element Method Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants 7 SCAFFOLDBASED BONE REGENERATION Tissue Scaffolds and Their Role in Tissue Regeneration Regenerative Properties of the Body: Processes in Bone Regeneration, Limitations Design Considerations for a Tissue Scaffold: Materials, Architecture, Vascularization, Heterogeneous Approaches Design Methodologies: Outer Geometry, Statistics-, Voroni- and Unit-Cell-Based Design Scaffold Fabrication: Freeze-Drying, Salt Leaching, 3D Fabrication Scaffold Behavior During Regeneration 8 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATION Introduction Effects of Stimulation on Cells Mechanical Stimulations on Cells Magnetic Stimulations Other Stimulations and Future Developments Conclusion 9 JOINT REPLACEMENT IMPLANTS Introduction Design of Joint Replacement Implants: Regulations, Requirements, Concept and Detail Design, Preclinical and Clinical Testing Joint Replacement Implants for Weight-bearing Joints: Hip, Knee, Ankle; Materials and Fixation Methods Joint Replacement Implants for Joints of the Hand: Fingers, Wrist; Materials and Fixation Methods 10 INTERSTITIAL FLUID MOVEMENT IN CORTICAL BONE TISSUE Introduction Bone Interfaces, Porosities and Fluids The Vascular Structures of Bone The Vascular Porosity The Lacunar Canalicular Porosity The Poroelastic Model for Cortical Bone Electrokinetic

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Andreas Öchsner is Professor in the Department of Applied Mechanics at the Technical University of Malaysia, Malaysia. Having obtained a Master Degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he spent the time from 1997-2003 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as a research and teaching assistant to obtain his PhD in Engineering Sciences. From 2003-2006, he worked as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He has published over 140 research papers and organized three international conferences on diffusion in solids and liquids. Waqar Ahmed is Director of the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation at the School of Computing, Technology and Applied Sciences of the University of Central Lancashire, UK. He obtained his PhD in Chemistry from the University of Salford/Strathclyde and holds a certificate in business administration from the University of Warwick. Before pursuing his academic career he worked as an engineer and operations manager in various British companies. Waqar Ahmed acts as editor-in-chief for four international journals devoted to nanomanufacturing and biomaterials and as vice-president of the Society of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology.

1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Introduction: Growth Conditions, Matter Geometry and Packing, Collagen, Mechanical and Electrochemical Behavior of Porous Matter and Tissues Cartilage Matrix and Types Cartilage Growth and Development: Fetal Development, Mineralization, Growth and Repair, Diseases Regulation of Cartilage Activity and Streaming Potentials in Cartilage Bones as Organs and Tissues: Functions and Types of Bones Structure of Bone: Compact and Trabecular Tissues, Osteons and Cells, Inorganic and Organic Matrix Parts Marrow, Endosteum and Periosteum, Nerves, Blood Vessels and Cartilage Remodeling and its Purposes Bone as a Composite and its Mechanics Bone as a Capillary Porous System Diseases of Bone Bioengineering: Growing Artificial Cartilage and Bone 2 CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF TRABECULAR BONE: CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHES Introduction Continuum Mechanics Experimental Testing and Material Properties Structure and Idealization Modelling of Mechanical Behavior 3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTS Introduction Bone Remodeling and Interface Models Bone Remodeling Based on Optimality Conditions Interface Behavior and Adaptation Formulation for Simultaneous Bone Remodeling and Interface Adaptation Finite Element Models and Algorithm Numerical Results Discussion and Concluding Remarks 4 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL: NATURAL BONE AND BIOMIMETICS Introduction Phases and Volume Fractions Individual Phase Mechanical Properties Introduction to Composite Mechanics Bone as a Composite: Macro-scale Bone as a Composite: Micro-scale Anisotropy Implications Conclusions 5 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGN Introduction Biological and Mechanobiological Factors in Bone Remodelling and Bone Fracture Healing Phenomenological Models of Bone Remodeling Mechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling Examples of Application of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant Design Models of Tissue Differentiation. Application to Bone Fracture Healing Mechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing Modelling the Influence of Some Mechanical Factors in the Course of Bone Fracture Healing Concluding Remarks References 6 BIOMECHANICAL TESTS FOR ORTHOPAEDIC IMPLANTS; TRIBOLOGICAL ISSUES & SIMULATION CONDITIONS Tribological Testing for Orthopaedic Implants: Kinematic and Lubricating Condition, Oxygen Concentration Experimental Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants Finite Element Method Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants 7 SCAFFOLD-BASED BONE REGENERATION Tissue Scaffolds and Their Role in Tissue Regeneration Regenerative Properties of the Body: Processes in Bone Regeneration, Limitations Design Considerations for a Tissue Scaffold: Materials, Architecture, Vascularization, Heterogeneous Approaches Design Methodologies: Outer Geometry, Statistics-, Voroni- and Unit-Cell-Based Design Scaffold Fabrication: Freeze-Drying, Salt Leaching, 3D Fabrication Scaffold Behavior During Regeneration 8 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATION Introduction Effects of Stimulation on Cells Mechanical Stimulations on Cells Magnetic Stimulations Other Stimulations and Future Developments Conclusion 9 JOINT REPLACEMENT IMPLANTS Introduction Design of Joint Replacement Implants: Regulations, Requirements, Concept and Detail Design, Preclinical and Clinical Testing Joint Replacement Implants for Weight-bearing Joints: Hip, Knee, Ankle; Materials and Fixation Methods Joint Replacement Implants for Joints of the Hand: Fingers, Wrist; Materials and Fixation Methods 10 INTERSTITIAL FLUID MOVEMENT IN CORTICAL BONE TISSUE Introduction Bone ...