Colors arise only in the brain, normally originating from electromagnetic waves from the outside world. This book is based on courses given by the author in the Department of Colors, Paints and Plastics at the University of Applied Sciences in Stuttgart and continued at the University of Applied Sciences in Esslingen, Germany. The development of color physics in industry began in the middle of the 19th century with the large-scale manufacturing of natural colors. Since that time, a great variety of new, especially synthetic, colorants have been produced in order to meet increasing demands for non-self-luminous colors with regard to color applications. The rapid progress in color physics and accompanying applications over the last three decades are the reasons for this work. Here, the fundamentals of color physics are outlined and the most important recent developments and applications in the color industry are discussed. 1 In comparison to the ?rst German edition, all chapters of the book have been revised and expanded with regard to effect pigments. After the introd- tory chapter, the optical fundamentals of absorbing and effect colorants are discussed. The exceptional spectral and colorimetric properties of effect p- ments are detailed in combination with further characterizing parameters. Color spaces are presented as well as the ef?ciency of recent color difference f- mulas. In addition to the normal spectral measuring methods for absorbing colorants, modi?ed procedures for effect colorations are outlined.

The author, Georg A. Klein, studied physics, solid state physics, and polymer physics at Universities in Goettingen, Saarbruecken, and Mainz, Germany. He was awarded his Ph. D. in polymer physics from the University of Mainz, Germany. After several years of R&D in the chemical industry, he became a professor for physics, color physics, and technology of polymers at the University of Applied Sciences in Stuttgart. His extensive decades-long experience in color physics and color technology in Germany and abroad is condensed in the present book.

Introduction.- Light sources, types of colorants, observer.- Optical radiation sources and interaction of light.- Absorbing colorants.- Effect pigments.- Observer.- References.- Systems of standardized tristimulus values, color qualities, chroma of effect pigments.- Systems of standardized tristimulus values.- Color difference metrics and color tolerances.- Color inconstancy and metamerism.- Specific qualities of colorants.- Colorimetry of effect pigments.- References.- Measuring Colors.- Measuring of reflecting and transmitting materials.- Measuring geometries.- Uncertainties of spectral color measurement.- References.- Theories of radiative transfer.- Fundamentals.- Directional two-flux approximation.- Theory of Kubelka and Munk.- Three-flux approximation.- Approximation of radiative transfer by multi-flux theory.- References.- Recipe prediction.- Calibration samples.- Strategies for recipe prediction.- Realization of recipes.- References.- Appendix.- Non-colored applications of effect pigments.- Chromatic adaption transform CAT02.- Two-flux approximations.- References in alphabetic order, figure sources.- Subject index.