The chemical process industry is a rich target for cyber attackers who are intent on causing harm. Current risk management techniques are based on the premise that events are initiated by a single failure and the succeeding sequence of events is predictable. A cyberattack on the Safety, Controls, Alarms, and Interlocks (SCAI) undermines this basic assumption. Each facility should have a Cybersecurity Policy, Implementation Plan and Threat Response Plan in place. The response plan should address how to bring the process to a safe state when controls and safety systems are compromised. The emergency response plan should be updated to reflect different actions that may be appropriate in a sabotage situation. IT professionals, even those working at chemical facilities are primarily focused on the risk to business systems. This book contains guidelines for companies on how to improve their process safety performance by applying Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) concepts and techniques to the problem of cybersecurity.
Table of Contents v
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xiii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
Glossary xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
Preface xxxiii
Part 1: Introduction, Background, and History of Cybersecurity 1
1 Purpose of this Book 1
1.1 Target Audience 6
1.2 What is Cybersecurity? 6
1.3 What is Operational Technology (OT)? 10
1.4 Which industries have OT? 13
1.5 Scope 15
1.6 Organization of the Book 17
2 Types of Cyber-Attacks, Who Engages in Them and Why 19
2.1 Types of Cyber-Attacks 19
2.2 Who Commits Cybercrimes and Their Motives 26
2.3 Summary 30
3 Types of Risk Receptors / Targets 33
3.1 What is Cybersecurity Risk 35
3.2 What are Common Cybersecurity Targets? 38
3.3 Types of Cybersecurity Consequences 43
3.4 Summary 45
4 Threat Sources and Types of Attacks 47
4.1 Non-Targeted Attacks 49
4.2 Targeted Attacks 53
4.3 Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) 58
4.4 Summary 62
5 Who Could Create a Cyber Risk? Insider vs Outsider Threats 65
5.1 Insider Cybersecurity Risk 65
5.2 Outsider Cybersecurity Risk 69
5.3 Summary 71
6 Case Histories 73
6.1 Maroochy Shire 73
6.2 Stuxnet 77
6.3 German Steel Mill 81
6.4 Ukrainian Power Grid 84
6.5 NotPetya 91
6.6 Triton 95
6.7 Düsseldorf Hospital Ransomware 99
6.8 SolarWinds 101
6.9 Florida Water System 105
6.10 Colonial Pipeline Ransomware 107
6.11 Summary 110
Part 2: Integrating Cybersecurity Management into the Process Safety Framework 113
7 General Model for Understanding Cybersecurity Risk 113
7.1 Cybersecurity Lifecycle 113
7.2 Integrated Cybersecurity and Safety Lifecycle 121
7.3 NIST Cybersecurity Framework 129
7.4 Summary 138
8 Designing a Secure Industrial Automation and Control System 141
8.1 The Disconnect between IT and OT Risk Management 141
8.2 Inherently Safer vs Inherently More Secure 146
8.3 Defense-in-Depth 149
8.4 Network Segmentation 153
8.5 System Hardening 173
8.6 Security Monitoring 176
8.7 Risk Compatibility Assessment 180
8.8 Summary 182
9 Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis (HIRA) 183
9.1 Use of Process Safety Tools to Identify and Manage Cybersecurity Risk 185
9.2 Qualitative Methods 187
9.3 Quantitative Methods 217
9.4 How to Prioritize Risk Reduction Measures? 231
9.5 Revalidation/Reassessment 232
9.6 Summary 233
10 Manage the Risk 235
10.1 Management Approach 235
10.2 Initial Steps 236
10.3 Cybersecurity Culture 240
10.4 Compliance with Standards 242
10.5 Cybersecurity Competency 246
10.6 Workforce Involvement 248
10.7 Stakeholder Outreach 251
10.8 Process Knowledge Management 252
10.9 Operating Procedures 256
10.10 Safe Work Practices 259
10.11 Management of Change 262
10.12 Asset Integrity and Reliability 266
10.13 Contractor Management 272
10.14 Training and Performance Assurance 275
10.15 Operational Readiness 278
10.16 Conduct of Operations 281
10.17 Emergency Management 285
10.18 Incident Investigation 290
10.19 Measurements and Metrics 295
10.20 Auditing 300
10.21 Management Review and Continuous Improvement 304
10.22 Summary 307
11 Implementing a Holistic Approach to Safety and Cybersecurity 311
11.1 Cybersecurity Management Systems (CSMS) 312
11.2 Integrating CSMS with Process Safety Management 327
11.3 Summary 334
Part 3: Where Do We Go from Here? 337
12 Whats Next? A Look at Future Development Opportunities 337
12.1 Cybersecurity Adoption Trends 338
12.2 Emerging Technologies 350
12.3 Summary 353
13 Available Resources 355
13.1 Local, Regional, and Global Topics 355
13.2 Cybersecurity Incident Repositories 362
13.3 Competency Requirements and Training Availability 363
13.4 Administration vs Accountability Functions 368
13.5 Summary 370
Appendix A Excerpt from NIST Cybersecurity Framework 371
Appendix B Detailed Cybersecurity PHA and LOPA Example 377
B.1 System Basis 377
B.2 Initial Risk Assessment 382
B.3 Detailed Risk Assessment (Cyber PHA/HAZOP) 387
B.4 LOPA/ Semi-Quantitative SL Verification 405
Appendix C Example Cybersecurity Metrics 411
Appendix D Cybersecurity Sample Audit Question List 413
Appendix E Management System Review Examples 419
References 421
Index 437
